Ngenxa China ke amakhulu abantu behlabathi kwaye indawo, i-administrative izahlulo of China kuba consisted eziliqela amanqanaba ukusukela yamandulo phinda-phindaUmgaqo-siseko ka-China ubonelela ezintathu de jure amanqanaba karhulumente. Okwangoku, nangona kunjalo, kukho ezintlanu isebenziseke (de facto) amanqanaba bengingqi: yephondo (kwiphondo, autonomous ingingqi, umasipala, kwaye eyodwa yolawulo ingingqi), prefecture, khawunti, township, kwaye dolophana. Ukususela th century, yowiso-kwimida kwi-China kuba zihleli largely ngqo. Eyona utshintsho ukususela ngoko ke kufuneka ukuba reorganization lamaphondo kwi-umntla mpuma emva ukusekwa Abantu ke Republic of China kwaye ukumiselwa kwebandla autonomous imimandla, ngokusekelwe Soviet zilandelayo: - nkqubo. Amaphondo ukukhonza ebalulekileyo yenkcubeko indima ebalulekileyo China, njengoko abantu bakholisa ukuchonga kunye zabo s phondo. Umgaqo-Siseko ka-China ubonelela ezine amanqanaba uphawulo luyafuneka: yephondo (kwiphondo, autonomous kummandla, umasipala, kwaye eyodwa yolawulo ingingqi), prefectural (prefecture-inqanaba isixeko officially 'isixeko kunye wesithili-inqanaba izahlulo' kwaye 'isixeko ngaphandle wesithili-inqanaba izahlulo', autonomous prefecture, prefecture ezongezelelweyo icandelo kwaye league i enye igama"prefecture"nto leyo asetyenziswa Ngaphakathi Emongolia), khawunti (wesithili, khawunti, khawunti-inqanaba isixeko officially"isixeko ngaphandle wesithili-inqanaba izahlulo", autonomous khawunti, ibhanile i enye igama"khawunti"nto leyo asetyenziswa Ngaphakathi Emongolia, autonomous ibhanile i enye igama"autonomous khawunti"nto leyo asetyenziswa Ngaphakathi Emongolia, ezikhethekileyo wesithili ezongezelelweyo uphinda-phindo, yezamahlathi indawo ezongezelelweyo icandelo) kwaye township.
Ke kufuneka iqaphele ukuba, anesihlanu inqanaba nto commonly waziwa njengo"dolophana inqanaba"ngokwenene na ingxelo yolawulo inqanaba.
Umgaqo-Siseko ka-China designs i-anesihlanu inqanaba njengoko"ezisisiseko inqanaba autonomy". Njengoko ka- ukuhlaziya, China administers amashumi amathathu yowiso-inqanaba imimandla, prefecture-inqanaba izahlulo, khawunti-inqanaba izahlulo, township-inqanaba administrations, kwaye, ezisisiseko inqanaba autonomies. uphawulo luyafuneka Nganye amanqanaba (ngaphandle 'eyodwa yolawulo imimandla') correspond ukuba inqanaba kwi-iinkonzo Zasekuhlaleni Abantu ke Republic of China. Le table sishwankathela izahlulo lwe ariya yanikezela Ngabantu ke Republic of China Njengoko juni gqiba. Abantu ke Republic of China (PAPER) administers amashumi amathathu anesine yowiso-inqanaba izahlulo okanye yokuqala-inqanaba izahlulo, kuquka amabini anesithathu amaphondo, zintlanu autonomous imimandla, zine - oomasipala, kwaye ababini eyodwa yolawulo imimandla: Amaphondo ingaba theoretically subservient kwi-PAPER central urhulumente, kodwa enyanisweni wephondo amagosa kuba inkulu yedwa ngokubhekiselele kwi-nkqubo yezoqoqosho. Ngokungafaniyo ne-United States, amandla central urhulumente waba (ngaphandle i-military) hayi exercised ngokusebenzisa kunye set of amaziko kude kube phambi kwexesha s.
Yenkqu isebenziseke amandla amaphondo sele yenziwe ntoni abanye economists umnxeba federalism kunye Isitshayina iimpawu.
Uninzi lamaphondo lezwelonke, ngaphandle amaphondo kwi-umntla mpuma, kuba kwimida apho bemiselwe elide edlulileyo kwi-Yuan, Ming, kwaye Qing dynasties.
Ngamanye amaxesha wephondo imida ifomu yenkcubeko okanye bekhamera kwimida. Oku kwaba i-umzamo yi-imperial urhulumente ukuba discourage separatism kwaye warlords nge-hlula kwaye umthetho-nkqubo. Nangona kunjalo, amaphondo kuba kuza ukukhonza ebalulekileyo yenkcubeko indima ebalulekileyo kwimeko-China. Abantu bakholisa ukuba abe yafumanisa ukuba ngokomthetho zabo s amaphondo, kwaye kwiphondo ngalinye ubani stereotype ukuba corresponds yabo abemi. Ezona nje yolawulo utshintsho kuba kwaquka elevation ka-Hainan kwaye i-chongqing yowiso-inqanaba isimo, kwaye ekudalweni kuka-Hong Kong kunye Jordan njengoko Eyodwa yolawulo imimandla. Prefectural inqanaba izahlulo okanye yesibini-inqanaba izahlulo ingaba lwesibini inqanaba le-isakhiwo sezolawulo.
Uninzi amaphondo ingaba umahlule kwi kuphela prefecture-inqanaba izixeko kwaye ziqulathe akukho ezinye lwesibini inqanaba yolawulo zesingesi.
Le amashumi amabini amaphondo anesihlanu autonomous imimandla, kuphela ezintathu amaphondo (Yunnan, Guizhou, Qinghai) kwaye omnye autonomous kummandla (Xinjiang) kuba ngaphezu ezintathu yesibini-umphakamo okanye prefectural-inqanaba izahlulo ezingekho prefecture-inqanaba izixeko. Njengoko, agasti Ngowama, kwakukho prefectural inqanaba izahlulo: engundoqo inqanaba autonomy usebenza njengoko i-yolungiselelo uphinda-phindo (census, i-imeyili system) kwaye akanalo kakhulu ukubaluleka kwezepolitiko ummeli amandla. Ezisisiseko wobulali izahlulo njenge neighborhoods noluntu asingawo"ndibhala le leta"njenge eamerika kodwa kufuneka ichaze kwimida kwaye onyulelwe ukuba iintloko (omnye ngonyaka area): basezidolophini, wonke subdistrict a wesithili wesixeko administers ezininzi uluntu okanye zokuhlala iikomiti. Ngamnye kubo kuba zokuhlala ikomiti ekulungiseleleni i abahlali basefama ukuba neighborhood okanye zoluntu. Ezisemaphandleni ezisekiweyo kwi dolophana okanye iikomiti villager amaqela. 'Dolophana' kule meko ingaba mhlawumbi kuba yendalo dolophana, ukuba omnye spontaneously kwaye enyanisweni ikhona, okanye onesiphumo dolophana, ngokucacileyo ngu a bureaucratic qumrhu. Zintlanu izixeko formally kwi prefectural inqanaba kuba okhethekileyo isimo kwi-ngokuphathelele ucwangciso-mali. Ngabo ngokwahlukeneyo zidweliswe isihlanu -nyaka kwaye yonyaka urhulumente izicwangciso kwi efanayo inqanaba njengoko amaphondo kunye national ministries, ukwenza kwabo economically elizimeleyo zabo kurhulumente wephondo. Ezi zixeko ngokukodwa libeke kwisteyti plan (Isitshayina: 计划单列市) ingaba ngokomthetho uhlahlo-lwabiwo-mali igunya, oorhulumente babo kuba de facto isimo bephondo, kodwa zabo-mthetho amacandelo karhulumente (National Abantu ke Congress kwaye Isitshayina Abantu Kwezopolitiko Consultative Conference) kwaye amanye amagunya na enxulumene uqoqosho kwimali inqanaba a prefecture kwaye phantsi ubunkokheli obulungileyo elo. Ezinye enkulu prefecture-inqanaba izixeko, eyaziwa ngokuba inkqubo ephantsi-wephondo izixeko, ingaba isiqingatha inqanaba apha ngezantsi iphondo. I-oosodolophu ezi zixeko kuba efanayo udidi njengokuba usekela kamongameli irhuluneli-mthetho yephondo, kwaye zabo wesithili oorhulumente ingaba isiqingatha udidi ngaphezulu kwama-abo eqhelekileyo izithili. I-capitals abanye amaphondo (yokuhlangana kurhulumente wephondo) ingaba inkqubo ephantsi-wephondo izixeko. Ukongeza isihlanu izixeko ngokukodwa libeke kwisteyti isicwangciso, inkqubo ephantsi-wephondo izixeko ingaba efanayo meko ikhona kunye abanye khawunti-inqanaba izixeko. Ezi zixeko eyaziwayo njengoko inkqubo ephantsi-prefecture-inqanaba izixeko, okuthetha ukuba anikwe inqanaba ngamandla kakhulu kunokuba a khawunti, kodwa nangona kunjalo ngaphantsi kwe-a prefecture. Ezinjalo izixeko bamele kanjalo isiqingatha inqanaba ngaphezulu kwama-oko babeya kuba ngokuqhelekileyo. Inkqubo ephantsi-prefecture-inqanaba izixeko ingaba rhoqo hayi wafakwa na prefecture (ukutsho oko bamele ngqo yanikezela yi-zabo kwiphondo). Ezinye izithili bamele kanjalo wabeka e isiqingatha inqanaba semfundo ukuba oko kumele ibe. Imizekelo ingaba Pudong, i-shanghai kwaye Binhai, Tianjin Nangona imeko yayo njengoko a wesithili we umasipala angathanda chaza ngalendlela prefecture-inqanaba, wesithili intloko Pudong enikwe inkqubo ephantsi-wephondo amagunya. Ngamanye amazwi, licala inqanaba ngaphezulu kwama-oko bekuya kuba ngokuqhelekileyo. I-Isitshayina ilizwi shì iqhele loosely iguqulelwe kulwimi isixhosa njengoko 'isixeko'. Nangona kunjalo, ingaba eziliqela ezahlukeneyo meanings ngenxa ugqityo ye-administrative izahlulo esetyenziswa kwi-China. (Ngaphandle ekubeni engaselunxwemeni okanye ekubeni engaselunxwemeni centers, i-SARs ingaba phantse zange ekubhekiswe kuye njengoko 'Hong Kong Isixeko' 'Jordan Isixeko' kwi-contemporary Isitshayina, njalo ayifakwanga ukusuka apha ngezantsi) kubalulekile ukuphawula inkcazelo 'isixeko' xa referring ukuba izitatistiki data ka-Isitshayina izixeko, ngenye indlela, ukudideka babe phakama.
Umzekelo, i-shanghai kukuba oyena isixeko kwi-China ngabo bonke kwi-engaselunxwemeni indawo kodwa encinci kune i-chongqing yi-bonke ngaphakathi indawo yolawulo.
Phambi ukusekwa kwe-Qin Dynasty, China waba ruled yi-womnatha ka-ookumkani, nobles, kwaye izizwe. I-rivalry ezi amaqela culminated kwi-Warring States xesha, imo Qin ekugqibeleni iyakwazi ukuhluma dominant. I-Qin Dynasty waba omiselwe musa ukuvumela China ukuba babuya umva kulo disunity, kwaye ke ngoko yenzelwe lokuqala khetha yolawulo izahlulo kwi-China, ngokusekelwe ezimbini amanqanaba: jùn commanderies kwaye xiàn ezikufuphi. I Han Dynasty ukuba weza ngoko nangoko emva wongeza zhōu (idla iguqulelwe njengoko 'amaphondo') xa wesithathu inqanaba iphezulu, forming a ezintathu -tier isakhiwo. I-Sui Dynasty kwaye Tang Dynasty abolished commanderies, kwaye wongeza circuits (dào, kamva lù phantsi Ingoma kwaye Jin) iphezulu, ngokugcina a ezintathu -tier indlela ukuze ithathe ngokusebenzisa th Century. (Njengoko yesibini-inqanaba uphinda-phindo, zhou kumila kumbi njengoko 'prefectures'.) I-Mongol-ngokomgaqo-Yuan Dynasty yazise icandelo bale mihla precursors kumaphondo, ukuzisa inani amanqanaba yesine.
Le nkqubo yaba ke agcina ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi intact de Qing Dynasty, yokugqibela imperial dynasty ukuba umthetho-China.
Republic of China streamlined amanqanaba ukuba nje amaphondo kwaye ezikufuphi ngowe, kwaye wenza lokuqala umzamo yandisa ezopolitiko yolawulo ngaphaya khawunti inqanaba ngokumisela townships ngezantsi ezikufuphi. Oku kwaba kanjalo inkqubo officially yamkelwa Ngabantu ke Republic of China ngowe, apho kuchazwa i-administrative izahlulo of China njengoko ezintathu amanqanaba: amaphondo, ezikufuphi, kwaye townships. Enyanisweni, nangona kunjalo, ngakumbi amanqanaba baba zifakiwe I-PAPER urhulumente kamsinya bafunda ukuba ke akazange feasible kuba iphondo ngqo kulawula yeshumi kwaye ngamanye amaxesha amakhulu ezikufuphi. Waqala ukusuka Jiangxi kwiphondo ngowe, Prefectures baba kamva zifakiwe phakathi amaphondo kwaye ezikufuphi. Baqhubekeka kuba ubiquitously isetyenziswe yi-PAPER urhulumente ukuba phantse zonke kwiindawo China ade.
Ukususela ngoko, uninzi prefectures babeguquka kwi prefecture-inqanaba izixeko.
Ngakumbi yolawulo kwiindawo baba zifakiwe kwi phezulu lamaphondo yi-PAPER urhulumente, kodwa babesele kamsinya abolished, ngowe.
Isithili-wonke kwii-ofisi baba zifakiwe phakathi ezikufuphi kwaye townships kanye ubiquitous ngokunjalo, ngabo ngoku ekubeni abolished, kwaye bambalwa kakhulu bahlala. Ezona nje enkulu okwenzeke zithe ukusekwa i-chongqing njengoko umasipala kwaye ekudalweni kuka-Hong Kong kwaye Jordan njengoko eyodwa yolawulo imimandla. Kwiminyaka yakutsha nje babekhona unxulumano komhlaba i-administrative izahlulo kwaye amanqanaba-China. Rumours i impending enkulu komhlaba kufuneka kanjalo kunabela ngokusebenzisa ezahlukeneyo i-intanethi bulletin ezibhodini. Wesithili-wonke kwii-ofisi ngu eqhubekayo komhlaba ukususa i-ezingaphezulu inqanaba yolawulo ukususela phakathi khawunti kwaye township amanqanaba. Akuyi kuba kanjalo ukuba unxulumano abolish i-prefecture umphakamo, kwaye amanye amaphondo kufuneka transferred ezinye amandla prefectures ngoku bamba i-ezikufuphi baya kulawula. Kukho kanjalo unxulumano ukunciphisa ubungakanani amaphondo I-ultimate imbono ngu ukunciphisa ezahlukeneyo yolawulo amanqanaba ezintlanu ukusuka ku-ezintathu (Yowiso-inqanaba, Khawunti umphakamo, Idolophana level), ekunciphiseni isixa-mali urhwaphilizo ngokunjalo inani urhulumente abasebenzi, ukuze thoba uhlahlo-lwabiwo-mali.
