I-emperor baya ekubhekiswe kuye kwabakho Guangxu Emperor
I-Progressive Qela kwakukho iqela lezopolitiko kwi-Republic of China ukusuka ukubaIsitshayina constitutionalism yaba yokuhamba-hamba ukuze originated emva Lokuqala Sino-Isijapanese Imfazwe. Umfana iqela intellectuals kwi-China ebelikhokelwa Kang Youwei argued ukuba China ke, yoyisa kwaba ngenxa yayo uswele zanamhla amaziko kunye neenkqubo zomthetho-sikhokelo apho Mna-Ukomeleza yokuhamba-hamba kokuba wasilela ukunikezela. Babona nje kuvuka ezintsha amagunya ezifana Germany, Italy, kwaye Japan coincide kunye zabo abazali constitutions. Ngo ekubeni umgaqo-siseko njengoko isiseko soluvo loluntu kwaye umbutho wezopolitiko, baya surmise ukuba zonke China ke ills basenokuba repaired. Efana Isitshayina Nationalists, ezi constitutionalists underwent ezininzi igama utshintsho emva baya kuqala coalesced ukulandela end ye-Anamashumi Iintsuku' Komhlaba kwi. I-Baohuanghui okanye Ukhusele Emperor Society lisekwe kwi-Adelaide, Ekhanada ngomhla wamashumi amabini julayi yi-Kang Youwei kwaye Liang Qichao, Anamashumi Iintsuku' Reformers ababe exiled emva palace coup yi-Empress Dowager Cixi. Ngoagasti, baya ibonelele Tang Caichang ke uprising kwi-Hankou apho ayiphumelelanga disastrously kwaye banyanzeleka kubo rethink zabo sicwangciso-buchule. Kanjalo yaziwa njenge Komhlaba Association, kokuba ukuba compete kunye zabo mfo outlaws, Tongmenghui okanye Revolutionary Alliance ebelikhokelwa Sun Yat-qwalasela iibars zezixhobo ye-impembelelo kwaye imali kwi-Overseas Isitshayina zoluntu. I-Baohuanghui ke iqonga kwaba-siseko nobukumkani kwaye kunyulo olunoxolo komhlaba ngexesha Tongmenghui babefuna kwiriphabliki kwaye revolution. Kule intlonipho, Baohuanghui waba ngaphezulu ethandwa kakhulu ngenxa esiqhelekileyo yenkcubeko mindset ukuba abhorred isiphithiphithi. Liang ke inkxaso kuba kunyulo olunoxolo komhlaba akazange lwesivumelwano, lowo vacillated phakathi udushe kwaye komhlaba rhoqo. Iqela renamed ngokwayo i-Constitutionalist Iqela wavunyelwa ukuba ukusebenza kwi-China. Baye bancedisa i-Qing inkundla ukumisela isixhobo yowiso-assemblies kwaye indlu yowiso-mthetho ngowe. Baba, nangona kunjalo, kulinywa nzulu disappointed ukuba assemblies existed ukunika iingcebiso kuphela.
Ukongeza, Qing inkundla ke idrafti-siseko yaba kufutshane ilizwi kuba ilizwi ukhuphelo Japan ke Meiji-Siseko ngaphandle ukuba emperor sanikwa significantly amandla angakumbi.
Omtsha ikhabhinethi indlela consisted lamalungu ukususela Aisin Gioro clan, ukwenza oko ngakumbi nepotistic kunangaphambili. Ngexesha Wuchang Uprising, yokuqala politician ukuba icala kunye mutineers waba Tang Hualong, Constitutionalist kwaye inkokeli Hubei yowiso-mthetho yephondo, abo bathabatha phezu civilian yolawulo icala revolution. Fed phezulu kunye iminyaka engama-frustration, abaninzi Constitutionalists bazimanya Xinhai Revolution, omnye noticeable okukodwa waba Kang Youwei abo zihleli loyal ukuba Emperor Puyi. Ngowe, Liang wabuyela China kwaye iqela renamed ngokwalo njengoko Yesininzi Umntu. Kwenzekile kunyaka wesine Kwindlu yowiso-mthetho unyulo ngasemva Nationalist, Republican, Umanyano Amaqela. I-Democrats lungisa kunye Republican Iqela Umanyano Iqela sisiseko Progressive Iqela ngomhla wamashumi amabini anesithoba Babe kunye kokuba lezihlalo Kwindlu yowiso-mthetho.
I-Republicans baba largely financed yi-Provisional Umongameli Yuan Shikai, owaye na ingxelo ukuthelekisa iqela ilungu. Baba i-ultranationalist kwaye militarist umntu Umanyano wakhokelelwa yi-Zhang Binglin kwaye represented i-izinto ezichaphazela wenkonzo zasekuhlaleni kwaye gentry.
Onke amaqela amathathu kokuba advocated nomdla, centralized karhulumente wesizwe, kunye abanye wanting ukuba abolish wephondo kwaye wobulali izahlulo ngokupheleleyo. Usekela kamongameli Umongameli Li Yuanhong lenziwa iqela-sihlalo kodwa real leadership ngowamashumi ezandleni Liang Qichao. I umntu ke iqonga waba nationalism kunye nokomelela central urhulumente, inkululeko ngokusebenzisa umthetho umthetho, kwaye kunyulo olunoxolo iinqwelo-nkqubo. Njengoko yesibini likhulu umntu, portrayed i-rival Nationalists njengoko supporters ka-mob umthetho.
Kwi sine juni baba eyaziwa njenge Abahlobo-Siseko
I-Progressives ezixhaswayo Yuan ngokuchasene ayiphumelelanga Yesibini Revolution kodwa objected ukuba outlawing ye-Nationalist Qela ukususela kuphela amanye amalungu ayo, wathabatha isiqingatha. I-expulsion of the Nationalists kwakhokelela yowiso-mthetho yokulahla yayo ikhoram ngoko ke Yuan disbanded ngayo ngokupheleleyo esibizwa kanjalo fiercely endaweni yi-Progressives. Xa Yuan balingwe ukuba kubathwesa ngokwakhe emperor, Liang iqinisekise Yunnan ke military irhuluneli, Cai E, ukukhokela Yesizwe umyalelo wokhuselo Imfazwe ngokuchasene Yuan. Liang reconciled imfazwe kunye iqela ke antirevolutionary stance yi-arguing ukuba imfazwe akazange a revolution kodwa i-iinzame abeke phantsi Yuan ke ukuchasa ngokuchasene-siseko kwiriphabliki. Progressive Iqela amasebe mbombo zone zeli agitated kuba ukubhukuqa ka-Yuan kwaye iqela ke, ubulungu yandisiwe kakhulu. Yuan ke urhulumente waba paralyzed kwaye lowo olahliweyo yakhe scheme. Iqela u-allen, nangona kunjalo, waba yahlula kwi pro - antayi-Yuan factions, njalo ebangela yayo nazo. Emva Yuan ke ukufa, Li Yuanhong waba Ngumongameli kwaye yowiso-mthetho convened kwakhona. Iqela yahlula kwi ezimbini factions: umgaqo-Siseko Uphando Clique ebelikhokelwa Liang kwaye Siseko Iingxoxo Clique ebelikhokelwa Tang Hualong. Liang ezixhaswayo Inkulumbuso Duan Qirui ke yenza isicwangciso tyhala China kulo Ihlabathi Imfazwe mna kwi Allied icala ngokuchasene inqwenelela Kamongameli Li kwi-hopes ka-regaining ezilahlekileyo territories. Xa Indlu yowiso-mthetho waba iintsinjana kwakhona ngexesha Manchu Ubuyiselo (apho Kang Youwei wathabatha inxalenye) abanye ex-Progressives abaziwayo Sun Yat-qwalasela iibars zezixhobo ngu-Siseko umyalelo wokhuselo yokuhamba-hamba. Liang kwaye abalandeli bakhe wala ukungena ngenxa yokuba waziva a rival urhulumente waba ezinobungozi ukuba China ke wesizwe ingqiqo kwaye ukuba intshukumo waba ngokwayo unconstitutional ngenxa yayiyeyona military urhulumente. Emva reuniting kunye Tang ke faction, Liang wabaleka yintoni washiyeka yakhe, omnye umntu, njengoko Uphando Clique kwi- unyulo kuba omtsha yowiso-mthetho kodwa wabeka a distant wesithathu emva Duan ke Anfu Club kwaye Liang Shiyi ke, Uthungelwano Clique. Tang waba assassinated kwi-Adelaide, British Columbia ngomhla omnye septemba nge rogue ilungu Isitshayina Revolutionary Umntu. Kufutshane nje emva Paris Uxolo Inkomfa, Liang retired ukusuka politics kodwa Uphando Clique waba? influential kwi-Beiyang government politics de Beirut coup ngowe. Mao Zedong ngokuba nabo 'non-revolutionary democrats'. Thabatha Liang, amalungu aliqela ngowe- wadala Yesininzi Constitutionalist Iqela, kodwa babesele esekelwe kwi-United States ngoko ke kokuba abancinane kakhulu impembelelo kwi-Isitshayina politics. Ezingama-China, Carsun Chang waqala i- Wesizwe Renaissance Society esibizwa baphumelela yi China-National Socialist Iqela apho mixed Liang ke reformism nge-Sun Yat-qwalasela iibars zezixhobo Abathathu Imigaqo Abantu.
Baba upset ukuba Chiang Kai-shek ke umthetho waba personalistic dictatorship kwaye ukuba Nationalists kokuba sukuyihoya zabo ngentando yesininzi imigaqo.
Opposing kunye Nationalists kwaye Communist Iqela of China, baya aimed ukuba abe wesithathu umkhosi kwi-Isitshayina politics ngoko ke baya yenziwe i-umbrella iqela elincinane yesininzi amaqela ngokuba China Yesininzi League.
I-CDL pushed kuba ixesha elide foliso-siseko kunye noxolelwaniso phakathi Communists kwaye Nationalists ingakumbi emva Omtsha Wesine Umkhosi Siganeko. Xa CDL waba kujike pro-Communist, Wesizwe Socialists withdrew kwaye lungisa ne-Democratic Constitutionalists kwi elinesihlanu agasti ukuba ifomu i-China-Democratic Socialist Umntu. Baye basabela Sasetaiwan ekupheleni Isitshayina Zasekuhlaleni Imfazwe kwaye ihamba kunye Nationalists kwaye Isitshayina Ulutsha Umntu, ukuba kuphela ngokusemthethweni amaqela kuba decades.
Kwi-Etaiwan, baya wanika enye thambileyo criticisms baya zithe zinika ukusukela zabo yeziphambili incarnations.
Yesininzi Socialists ezilahlekileyo zabo zonke lezihlalo kwindlu yowiso-Mthetho Yuan kwaye yowiso-mthetho emva free kwaye elifanelekileyo unyulo waqalisa ngowe. Ngaphakathi Abantu ke Republic of China, i-China-Democratic League uqhubekeka zikho njengenxalenye United Ngaphambili. Ukususela yabo yokuqala founding ngowe, constitutionalists baba constantly ineffective zabo umzamo omkhulu ukuze komhlaba authoritarian oorhulumente. Yabo thambileyo reformist indlela waba criticized kuba zinika dictatorships inkangeleko a legitimate yamaqela ngamaqela lwentando yesininzi. Ngenxa yabo-antayi-confrontational indalo, baba ngaphezu kwe-complaining iqela kwe-ingxelo yeqela eliphikisayo umntu. Kuphela ixesha baba ngobuchule waba xa sukuba olahliweyo komhlaba abaxhasayo we revolution kwi-National umyalelo wokhuselo Imfazwe.
